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Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;20:799-802
© 2001 Elsevier Science NL

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients

^a Service of Cardiology, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
^b Service of Internal Medicine, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
^c Service of Cardiovascular Surgery, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
^d Service of Microbiology, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain

Received 13 October 2000; received in revised form 22 June 2001; accepted 5 July 2001.

Corresponding author. Avda. Italia 41, 41710 Utrera, Sevilla, Spain. Tel.: +34-95-5860357
e-mail: sandube{at}cica.es

Objectives: In spite of the high prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of this infection, and whether the cases of PC pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients are the result of a reactivation of a latent infection or a due to a recent infection is unknown. The aim of this study was to provide information about the epidemiological characteristics of PC pneumonia in a cohort of heart transplant (HT) recipients when compared with the epidemiology of PC infection in a cohort of chronic sputum producers (CSP) representative of the general population of the same geographical area. Methods: We identified all the cases of PC pneumonia in the cohort of 72 subjects who underwent cardiac transplantation at our institution between January 1991 and December 1996 and compared them with the cases of PC infection identified in a non-selected cohort of 34 CSP. This second group was included to obtain an approximation of the frequency of PC carriers in the general population. Identification of PC was accomplished through customary stain techniques and immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. Results: Of the 72 HT recipients four (5.5%) developed PC pneumonia, but one had two episodes. Only one had received primary chemoprophylaxis, but developed PC pneumonia 2 months after discontinuing prophylactic therapy. PC pneumonia episodes were produced 53, 102, 230, 181 and 772 days after the moment of transplant, respectively. PC was identified in two (5.8%) of the 34 CSP. No significant differences were found when the accumulative incidences of PC pneumonia in HT patients and PC infection in CSP were compared (P=0.7). Conclusions: The frequency of PC pneumonia among HT patients is the same as the frequency of PC infection in the general population. This observation and the long interval between transplantation and the development of PC pneumonia observed in the study support the hypothesis that the occurrence of PC pneumonia in immunocompromised patients might be from a new infection rather than from the reactivation of latent organisms. Therefore, continuous prophylaxis might be indicated in areas with a high prevalence of PC for patients at highest risk.

Key Words: Pneumocystis carinii • Heart transplant • Prophylaxis • Epidemiology

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